When one of my colleagues exclaimed that Bracher’s analysis in Radical Pedagogy: Identity, Generativity, and Social Transformation were that of a reductionist, it did not quite sink in until I read the ninth chapter of the book.
A reductionist posits that “the simple is the source of the complex”, and ultimately concludes that in order to understand the bigger picture, you just have to look at the bits and pieces existing within it. It does, in essence, create a potential alienation of other important elements that may comprise the whole. Therefore, reading Bracher’s explanation of how historicism is, in essence, a deterrent to radical pedagogy, I cannot but wonder how such notion can have serious consequences on my identity as a person of African descent. Based on my understanding of this chapter, my personal experience, and a shared experience as a member of the Black community, I have decided to highlight how the dichotomy in Bracher’s assertion can create a dilemma for people of African descent. I will also analyse how this notion can insidiously perpetuate intolerance towards marginalized people within the society at large.
Bracher refers to the writings of German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche. According to Bracher, Nietzsche asserts that history breeds passivity among its proponent. He also contends that the lessons of history can “be learned from a relatively small piece of history” – a reductionist approach to history (Bracher, 2006, p. 111). Using Nietzsche’s quote from “On the Use and Abuse of History”, Bracher explains that an individual who has been immersed in the ideology of history is bound to be initiated into a life of culture rather than a life of living. He argues that the life of culture creates a way of thinking which is essentially from the past and has little or no bearing on the present, and if anything, it actually stifles an individual’s understands of the present (p. 111).
Bracher makes a passionate argument that history is a constriction to the identity of individual. He explains that history creates a sense of communal identity in the name of unity at the expense of the identities of individuals within the group. He wonders whether the benefit of unifying identity created by history is worth the consequent cost of “human suffering and injustice” that can emanate from it. Bracher further argues that identities such as: American, Canadian, African, White, Black, Woman, Gay, Lesbian result in elation for individuals whenever they are validated, and create uneasiness and even lead to anger when threatened (p. 112)
While it is daunting to agree with Bracher’s exposition on the role of history in suppressing identity formation, it is also important to critically look at how his assertions correlates with the experiences of those who have been the subject of repression and oppression. Bracher’s take on the role of history on identity formation is a double edged sword for the proponents of Africentrism. The foundation of Africentrism is built on the fact that Africa’s contributions have been written out of world history, and it posits that this is essentially a creation of Eurocentric hegemony. Bracher’s analysis corroborates this assertion. Describing how history can become a backbone for the creation of a dominant culture, he explains:
as feminist, African American, and other critics have pointed out, Dead white European male literary histories promote suppression and oppression of, and repression in, those (women, racial and ethnic minorities, and others) whose attributes are not recognized in these history (p. 113)
Comparing Bracher’s take on history and its implication on identity, with that of an Africentric scholar, Merriweather Hunn on the impact of Eurocentric hegemony on world history, it does not take long to see a parallel in discourse:
Eurocentrism places the history, culture, and philosophical perspectives of people of European descent in a privileged, more valuable position than any other world culture. Eurocentrism, especially in the U.S. context, disguises itself as a universal perspective from which every culture must evaluate its experiences. It denies the value of other cultural and historical perspectives as ways of seeing and understanding the world (Merriweather Hunn, 2004, p. 2)
The preceding is in congruence with Bracher’s position that history is a tool, which different groups can use to assert that their “identity bearing is grounded in the real” and therefore “is not in need of or capable of embracing or even tolerating internal or external otherness” (Bracher, 2006, p. 113). In this regards, it suffices to conclude that Bracher’s discourse parallels that of the Africentists, and there ends the similarity!
Furthermore, Bracher explains that history is also tool used by disenfranchised group to counter the effect of suppression and marginalisation, which ironically has been created by history itself. Merriweather Hunn (2004) defines Africentrism as the embodiment of the experiences of generations of people of African descent, which needs to be fully documented and brought to the core of the existence of present generation of Black people. It does not take long to see that the premise of Africentrism is built around history – the history of black people, and without history, Africentrism loses its potency (Merriweather Hunn, 2004, p. 4)
The other aspect of Bracher’s discourse (and perhaps a more disturbing one) on history and indentity formation contends that, while history is used as a counter tool to fight the hegemonic building blocks of the dominant culture, this very action can also result in what he describes as “providing recognition” (Bracher, 2006, p. 114). Bracher explains that the inclusion of histories of different groups (such as that of people of African descent) into the mainstream will ultimately result in the vulnerability of these groups. According to Bracher, members of these groups are tempted “to put all their identity eggs into this single narrative basket”. His assertion is that, once this identity, as previously stated, is threatened, it can result in despondency and consequently “identity depletion” (p. 114).
I am afraid that Bracher is right in his assessment! One of the dilemmas faced by Black people is entrenched within this frustration of identity. We can all agree that much progress has been made in bridging the gap, and creating tolerance and understanding within the context of society. Nevertheless, it is still perplexing, when as a Black person I have to explain why I live in an affluent sub-division, why I am the only black person on the board of director of one of the largest non-denominational churches in Nova Scotia. It is becoming tiring when my wife has to continuously explain that she is on the medical staff at Capital Health and not a janitorial staff.
Drawing on Bracher’s assertion, every time I sit in class with members of my cohort, I can only imagine how we are perceived within the academic environment. Is anyone out there questioning our scholarly capability? At the end of the day, will someone question the fact that our Master’s Degree is not of equal calibre with the general stream? These are some of the questions raging through my mind, and have become more pronounced after reading this particular chapter in Bracher’s Radical pedagogy: Identity, Generativity, and Social Transformation.
References
Bracher, M. (2006). Radical Pedagogy: Identity, Generativity, and Social Transformation.
Psychoanalysis, Education, and Social Transformation, New York, NY: Palgrave
Macmillan
Merriweather Hunn, Lisa (2004). Africentric philosophy: a remedy for Eurocentric dominance.
New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education (102), 65-74.
Enjoyed reading your blog Ayo and your comments and views on how history, identity formation and the dilemma of Blackness affect us as people of African descent. I had not yet read Chapter 9, but did so after reading your blog which I found both informative and thought provoking. Bracher who argues that history actually constricts the identity of an individual and places marginalized groups in a vulnerable position is both disheartening and disturbing. I was of the belief that our history which helps to define us as a people and which has been suppressed for so long actually provides a ‘perspective’ on how to deal with problems of the present. However your blog has prompted me to examine how historicism and nonhistorical approaches differ.
ReplyDeleteI agree with your assertion that this notion can perpetuate intolerance towards a marginalized people within the society at large. What then is the alternative? Do we as people of African descent disengage ourselves from our cultural history which is so important…would this actually move us any further in such an uneven playing field?
Chairman, I was drawn to your blog seeing that I was working along similar lines from chapter 9. I too find Brachter’s slant of historicism as identity constricting very baffling. It is not just that our histories were marginalized, black people were denied one. Hegel went as far as saying that black people or Africans had no history before the incursion of Europeans on the continent. We were in the stage of pre-history. And now Bracher would criminalize our discovery of our histories as identity constricting because they speak from outside us, unlike psychoanalysis which addresses repressions within us.
ReplyDeleteAs they say, the illusion of complete non-involvement is detrimental to objectivity, and Bracher, a privileged white middle class person has probably not witnessed the identity enhancement that many black people go though in discovering their true histories. What he writes about the identity constricting effects of history seems more to apply to the members of the dominant race, with marginalized peoples thrown in as an afterthought to fit his discourse. Afrocentricism does not see itself as a dominant narrative. It actually states that all learners must be must be culturally centred during the learning process. How dominant is that? The idea that through identity building can only emanate from a mass global psychoanalysis sounds to me as reductionist as the race based identity he formulates.
Chapter 9 is quite interesting and I intend to explore it further in my next blog, but I am glad you set the ball rolling. Keep it up.
Ayo, I very much enjoyed your blog and I have to say I was almost rendered speechless after I read chapter nine. I even had to re-read some pages several times to make sure I actually comprehended what he saying. First let me say that you do a very good job providing an overview of Brachers idea’s in this chapter. It’s very interesting (and completely ridiculous) how his idea that history in essentially a hindrance to identity rather than a way to fully help us (especially people of African Descent) understand who we are and how we can fit into this Eurocentric world. As you read in my blog, in order for us have a full identity we need to understand and embrace our past. I think as you state that Merriweather-Hunn is much as proactive in her thinking about this topic and that history is very important to identity especially in terms of Afro-centrism.
ReplyDeleteMr. Ayo, I enjoyed reading your blog and I often face some of the challenges you speak about. Often when when I go to the European community to tutor a math student, I am asked "how did I learn to do math", or "am I qualified". My answer is that I went to school and in regards to me being qualified, yes I do have qualifications. When I speak of my childhood life as a young Black male living in a wealthy neighbourhood in Toronto, I am asked, "what were you doing there". More often than not I give no reply. Better still, I was sitting in a room with a group of people of European descent. I was asked where do you live? When I named the Black community where I reside, the person responded, "Why do you want to live there"? My reply was, "because you will not be my neighbour". I then explained that in order to get within the parameters of being my neighbour, that they would have to purchase the property from me. I will admit that I was quite sarcastic, bur by no means hateful.
ReplyDeleteMy comment was moreso taken as a joke rather than a solidified answer. I too, spend much of my time explaining or justifying the things I do. It appears that the more extricative I get, the more extricative I must become. In closing, I was asked what is a degree in Africentric Education worth, and my answer was, "what is a degree in Eurocentric worth".